Critically evaluate theories of nationalism and its relationship with Essay - 1

Critically evaluate theories of nationalism and its relationship with racism - Essay Example Around Europe, the Napoleonic armies who not only idealized it but also provoked nationalist reactions through their conquests spread the idea of the legitimacy of the nation as opposed to kingdom. Despite the restoration of traditional monarchs after napoleon’s defeat, the seeds of idea had already been sowed all over Europe and the next 50 years it precipitated outbreaks of violence in support for popular nationalism. There are two main theories that explain nationalism the perennialists who argue that nations, natural or otherwise owe their existence to the fact that humans have always lived in societies posit the first. The â€Å"natural† part is inspired by the fact that many nationalist legitimize their nations as natural by virtue of the fact that they have been in existence for centuries. The position of perennialists is that nationalism can be traced to cultural characteristics and the nature of the human landscape with throughout their particular histories; th is takes to consideration every factor including those that are purely symbolic or even mythical. This argument was based on the existence of a number of large ethnic communities especially during the dark and middle ages that used the term nation to describe themselves. In this paper, the relationship between nationalism and racism will be examined with focus on the perennialist and modernist theories of nationalism; as well as the economic impacts and perception of two concepts on word nations. Racial consideration of nationalism was applied to ancient communities and civilizations such as the Egyptians Chinese, Indians and many others, under the perennial perception on nationalism the terms nation and race were interchangeable. Even later nations such as the British, German, and American were seen as races; this implied that the social political community was inherently tied up to a biological exclusiveness that was believed to transcend individuals in the different races. This p erception was and still is conducive ground for the justification or racism and other forms of xenophobia such as Aryan supremacy; communities, especially financially powerful ones used the notion to discriminate others. Racism is loosely defined as the doctrine that assumes some races are superior to others in term of physical intellectual or moral and other aspects justifying right to dominate other â€Å"lesser† races and treat them in an undignified and unequal manner (Smith 1983). For instance, in Europe during the Elizabethan age, individuals of Jewish origin were openly discriminated even by the law; Jews were not allowed to engage in the convectional business activity. From such legal restrictions, popular stereotypes such as those of Jewish â€Å"shylocks† emerged, not because they were naturally predisposed to such activity but because they were compelled by legal restriction to practice usury. This is despite the fact that many Jews were born and grew up in Europe amongst the French and Italians, for instance, by modern consideration such people would have been considered European nationals. However, the assumption them was that one would always remain of the nation, in this case race, which they were born despite cultural and geopolitical translocation. Centuries later when such notions had been discounted by most of the

Corporate and Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate and Business Law - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that the manager as a businessman owes a duty of care to all his customers. This entails that he is bound by law to provide goods that have the best interest of his customers at hand. However, in the case scenario, the manager of ABC Ltd sells faulty goods knowingly and does not refund his customers, meaning that he is defrauding his customers. It is indeed important that the manager is held legally responsible for failing to give refunds for faulty goods, and he is compelled to sell quality goods to his customers.Contract law and sale of Goods Act are interrelated and work to salvage the contract arrived at by entities in the performance of business activities. They protect the rights of customers and ensure that the sellers are legally bound by their commitment in the contract. In the case scenario discussed, undue influence, misrepresentation, buyer beware, remedies for breach of contract, and obligations of a seller have been evaluated. This paper makes a conclusion that the sale of goods act has also been expounded in a bid to illuminate the rights and obligations of entities selling and buying goods from each other. It is through this that a contract has to involve two parties; the parties have to come to an agreement and the rights and legal obligations of the parties. These serve as the basis of rulings made in courts as a result of filled litigation and hence understanding of the underlying principles is essential for any finance person or accountant.... A similar decision was arrived at by the court of Appeal in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd5. The outcome of this case for the defendant was important. This is since it was agreed at that by merely picking the drugs from the shelf; this did not amount to a contract between the two parties. However, a contract was arrived at when the goods were presented at the counter for sale and proper supervision was carried out. The same case applies to Tim and ABC Ltd, the advertisement displayed cannot be treated as an offer to sell by merely picking it but is an invitation to treat and will only bind into a contract once it is presented at the cash point as was done and the mistake corrected in due time. See also Fisher v Bell6. There are some exceptions to the rule of an invitation to treat where an advertisement is treated as an offer to sell. In Chapleton v Barry Urban District Council7 it was held that an attachment of price to a display of deck chairs was an offer to sell and not an invitation to treat. Subsequently, it was ruled that in a self service station, a contract is arrived at when the customer pumps the pump to fill the tank and not at the pay point. Though a weak form of defense, Tim may rely on the prospect that by ABC Ltd attaching a price to the computer, it served as an invitation to sell and not an offer to treat and hence ABC Ltd was liable for the misprice8. A2. Whether the manager’s statement of additional RAM was part of the contract The manager’s statement of additional RAM though not being right forms part of the contract. This is legally on the basis of actual undue influence as ascribed in Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No.2)9 where undue influence pertains to